India vs. Pakistan Response to the Pahalgam Terror Attack
The horrific terror attack in Pahalgam, Jammu and Kashmir, triggered a major increase in tensions between India and Pakistan. Both countries replied with forceful diplomatic, military, and economic actions, highlighting the deep enmity and mistrust between the two nuclear-armed neighbors. The following is a detailed review of their responses and likely consequences.
India’s Response
1. Suspension of the Indus Waters Treaty
One of India’s most significant retaliatory steps was suspending the Indus Waters Treaty (1960), a long-standing water-sharing agreement brokered by the World Bank. Under this treaty, India controls the eastern rivers (Ravi, Beas, Sutlej), while Pakistan has rights over the western rivers (Indus, Jhelum, Chenab). By suspending the treaty, India signaled its intent to exert pressure by potentially restricting water flow to Pakistan, which relies heavily on these rivers for agriculture.
2. Closure of the Attari-Wagah Border
India shut down the Attari-Wagah border crossing, a key trade and transit route between the two countries. This move disrupted bilateral trade, pilgrimages (such as Sikh visits to Kartarpur), and people-to-people exchanges, further isolating Pakistan diplomatically.
3. Revocation of Visas for Pakistani Citizens
India canceled all valid visas for Pakistani nationals, including those for medical, business, and tourism purposes. This decision was seen as a way to exert diplomatic pressure and reduce Pakistani influence in India.
4. Military Posturing: Deployment of INS Vikrant
India showcased its military readiness by deploying the INS Vikrant, its indigenous aircraft carrier, in the Arabian Sea. This move was a clear signal of India’s naval dominance and its ability to enforce a blockade if tensions escalated further. Additionally, India heightened its military presence along the Line of Control (LoC) in Kashmir.
Pakistan’s Counter-Response
1. Suspension of the Simla Agreement (1972)
Pakistan retaliated by suspending the Simla Agreement, which was signed after the 1971 war to ensure bilateral dispute resolution without third-party intervention. By revoking this agreement, Pakistan sought to internationalize the Kashmir issue, potentially seeking UN or other global interventions.
2. Announcement of a Missile Test
Pakistan conducted a ballistic missile test, showcasing its nuclear capabilities. This was perceived as a deterrent against any potential Indian military action, reinforcing Pakistan’s stance as a nuclear power willing to defend itself aggressively.
3. Suspension of Bilateral Trade
Pakistan halted all trade with India, including the limited commerce that had resumed in recent years. This move further strained economic ties, though the impact was more symbolic given the already minimal trade volume.
4. Closure of Airspace for Indian Airlines
Pakistan closed its airspace to Indian flights, forcing longer routes and increasing operational costs for Indian airlines. This mirrored India’s 2019 decision after the Balakot airstrikes and disrupted regional aviation.
Escalation and Potential Consequences
The rapid exchange of aggressive measures indicated a dangerous escalation, with both countries unwilling to back down. Key concerns included:
Risk of Military Conflict:Â The deployment of warships and missile tests raised fears of an accidental clash that could spiral into a larger war.
Economic Fallout:Â Trade suspensions and border closures harmed businesses on both sides, particularly in Punjab and Sindh.
Humanitarian Impact:Â Visa cancellations and border shutdowns affected families divided by the Line of Control and ordinary citizens seeking medical or educational opportunities.
Global Reactions:Â The international community, including the US, EU, and China, likely called for restraint, fearing a regional crisis.
